THE RIGHT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS TO SUE AS LEGAL STANDING IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW DISPUTES IN INDONESIA: A NORMATIVE-COMPARATIVE STUDY FOLLOWING LAW NUMBER 11 OF 2020
Keywords:
Legal Standing, Environmental Organizations, State Administrative Court, Environmental Litigation, Citizen Lawsuit, Environmental Law, Access to Justice.Abstract
Environmental disputes arising from state administrative decisions, including mining permits, large-scale plantation development, and infrastructure projects, increasingly require effective mechanisms for protecting collective environmental interests. One of the central legal issues is the legal standing of environmental organizations to challenge administrative decisions before the State Administrative Court (PTUN), particularly following the regulatory changes introduced by Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. This study aims to analyze the position of environmental organizations regarding legal standing in environmental administrative disputes, identify procedural and doctrinal obstacles faced by such organizations, and formulate legal reform recommendations to strengthen their role in environmental litigation. This research employs a normative legal research method using a doctrinal-comparative approach and a case approach. The study relies on secondary legal materials consisting of primary legal materials, including legislation and court decisions, secondary legal materials comprising scholarly literature and journal articles, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis combines juridical, comparative, and critical approaches to examine the relationship between legal norms, judicial practice, and the development of environmental administrative law. The findings indicate that environmental organizations can obtain legal standing when they are able to demonstrate a collective legal interest and a causal relationship between the contested administrative decision and significant environmental impacts. Nevertheless, their access to administrative litigation remains constrained by the high burden of scientific proof, inconsistent interpretation of collective legal interests, limited explicit procedural regulation, and uncertainty concerning the object of administrative disputes following changes to the environmental licensing system. The development of judicial practice and Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2023 provides an important normative foundation for strengthening public interest standing in environmental disputes. The study recommends legislative reform to explicitly regulate the legal standing and procedural rights of environmental organizations, the establishment of proportionate scientific evidentiary standards, strengthening judicial and legal-professional capacity, and facilitating amicus curiae and public-interest litigation funding. These reforms are necessary to enhance access to environmental justice and strengthen public oversight of state administrative actions affecting environmental protection.
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