NOTARIAL LIABILITY FOR AUTHENTIC DEEDS DEGRADED INTO PRIVATE DEEDS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF FORMAL DEFECTS
Keywords:
Notarial Liability, Authentic Deed, Degradation, Formal Requirements, Evidentiary Force, UUJNAbstract
A notarial deed derives its status as an authentic instrument not from the office of the notary alone, but from strict compliance with the form prescribed by law. Where formal requirements under Law No. 2 of 2014 amending Law No. 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary (UUJN) are breached, the instrument does not become void; it is degraded, retaining only the evidentiary force of a private deed. This study examines two problems: first, which formal breaches trigger degradation and what the precise legal consequence of that degradation is; second, the form, basis, and limits of notarial liability toward parties who suffer loss as a result. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches - including Supreme Court Decisions No. 351 PK/Pdt/2018 and No. 1266 K/Pdt/2022 - this article argues that degradation is a statutory evidentiary sanction rather than a nullity, and that liability does not follow automatically from it. Degradation establishes only the objective element of unlawfulness; the notary is civilly liable under Article 84 UUJN in conjunction with Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code only where fault, actual loss, and adequate causation are additionally proven. The article further shows that Indonesian doctrine and practice frequently conflate degradation with liability, producing disproportionate outcomes, and proposes a three-tier framework distinguishing technical-formal breaches, substantive-formal breaches, and breaches induced by the parties themselves, coupled with mandatory professional indemnity coverage and a clearer evidentiary allocation before the Notary Supervisory Council.
Downloads
References
Journal Articles
Amalia, N. K. S. I., & Yusa, I. G. (2021). Akibat hukum pelanggaran kewajiban notaris terhadap ketentuan Pasal 3 angka 15 Kode Etik Notaris. Acta Comitas: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 6(1).
Arsya, E. A., Widhiyanti, H. N., & Ruslijanto, P. A. (2021). Tanggung jawab notaris terhadap akta yang cacat hukum dan tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan pembuatan akta dalam Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum, 6(1), 130–140.
Ballan, O. (2022). Tanggung jawab notaris terhadap rusaknya minuta akta yang disimpan oleh notaris. Wacana Paramarta: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 21(1), 57–67.
Budiono, A., Sugiarto, D. P. A., & Zuhdi, S. (2023). Legal protection for notaries in making authentic deeds in Indonesia. Journal of Judicial Review, 25(1), 111–124.
Fadila, I. Z., Sugiri, B., & Wisnuwardhani, D. A. (2020). The obligation of notary to report suspicious financial transactions based on the value of the transaction. Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah, 11(2), 202–236.
Imania, D., Ngadino, & Prasetyo, M. H. (2020). Responsibilities and legal protection for notaries in civil law for the deeds they make. Notarius, 13(1), 250–265. https://doi.org/10.14710/nts.v13i1.30394
Islam, M. I. N. E., Sukirno, & Prabandari, A. P. (2021). Tanggungjawab notaris atas akta yang dibuatnya ditinjau berdasarkan hukum pidana. Notarius, 14(2).
La Ode, A. (2022). Degradasi akta hibah wasiat dari akta autentik menjadi surat di bawah tangan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan dan dampak penerapan dalam pembagian harta warisan. Otentik’s: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 4(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.35814/otentik.v4i1.3344
Lumban Gaol, S. (2018). Kedudukan akta notaris sebagai akta di bawah tangan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara, 8(2).
Manuaba, I. B. P., Parsa, I. W., & Ariawan, I. G. K. (2018). Prinsip kehati-hatian notaris dalam membuat akta autentik. Acta Comitas: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 3(1).
Marzuki, M. A. (2018). Tanggung jawab notaris atas kesalahan ketik pada minuta akta yang sudah keluar salinan akta. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 4(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v4i2.15451
Nawang, M. F. C., & Putra, I. P. R. A. (2021). Akibat hukum pembatalan salinan akta notaris oleh pengadilan. Acta Comitas: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 6(3), 578–592. https://doi.org/10.24843/AC.2021.v06.i03.p9
Nuryasinta, R. K. (2024). Autentisitas akta notaris yang terbukti palsu dan dampaknya bagi para pihak. Acta Comitas: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 9(1), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.24843/AC.2024.v09.i01.p15
Pertiwi, M., & Velentina, R. A. (2023). Dampak degradasi akta terhadap kedudukan notaris. Kertha Semaya: Journal Ilmu Hukum, 11(7), 1585–1596. https://doi.org/10.24843/KS.2023.v11.i07.p09
Prahardika, R. B., & Kawuryan, E. S. (2018). Tanggung gugat notaris atas kelalaian dalam membuat akta perjanjian kredit bank. Jurnal Transparansi Hukum, 1(1), 44–58.
Purnayasa, A. T. (2018). Akibat hukum terdegradasinya akta notaris yang tidak memenuhi syarat pembuatan akta autentik. Acta Comitas: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 3(3), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.24843/AC.2018.v03.i03.p01
Rahmayani, S. (2020). Perubahan minuta akta oleh notaris secara sepihak tanpa sepengetahuan penghadap. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan, 8(1), 98–108.
Saragih, M. E., & Djaja, B. (2023). Review of the authorities of the notary office and the legal consequences for making authentic deeds against the law. Edunity: Social and Educational Studies, 2(10), 1096–1113. https://doi.org/10.57096/edunity.v2i10.119
Sihombing, I. E. (2023). Juridical analysis of wanprestation of one of the parties in the PPJB deed regarding land rights. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(12), e2158. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i12.2158
Siswanto, C. A., Adiyatma, S. E., Nnawulezi, U., & Kabano, J. (2025). Legal recognition of electronic notarial acts: A comparative study of Indonesia and Rwanda. Indonesia Private Law Review, 6(2), 147–158.
Sonbai, E. A. P. K., Mahendrawati, N. L. M., & Santika, I. B. A. P. (2022). Qualification of the prudence principle of notary on implement the position based on Act of Notary Position. NOTARIIL: Jurnal Kenotariatan, 7(1), 32–38.
Legislation
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (Burgerlijk Wetboek voor Indonesie).
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.
Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris.
Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2014 No. 3, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 5491.
Kode Etik Notaris Ikatan Notaris Indonesia.
Court Decisions
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 351 PK/Pdt/2018.
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 1266 K/Pdt/2022.
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 994 K/Pdt/2020.
