AN ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL RIGHTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) USAGE: AN INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
Political Rights, Human Rights, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Constitutional Law, Constitutional Democracy.Abstract
The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reshaped a wide range of fields, particularly public governance and democratic practices. Although the integration of AI into decision-making processes may enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public services, its application also presents legal challenges related to the safeguarding of citizens’ political rights, including the rights of individuals responsible for human rights violations. This study seeks to examine the constitutional position of the political rights of human rights violators, explore the consequences of AI utilization for the exercise of political rights, and identify the constitutional boundaries governing AI use within the Indonesian Constitutional Law framework. The study adopts a normative juridical approach by applying statutory, conceptual, case-based, and comparative approaches. Legal materials were obtained through library-based research involving legislation, scholarly books, academic journals, and legal doctrines, which were subsequently examined using qualitative analysis. The analysis demonstrates that political rights constitute constitutionally protected rights under the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and international human rights law. Consequently, any limitation of such rights must be grounded in legality, proportionality, due process of law, transparency, accountability, and non-discrimination. AI should not be positioned as an autonomous determinant in restricting or withdrawing an individual’s political rights; rather, it should operate as an auxiliary instrument within a human-controlled decision-making process and in accordance with the applicable legal framework. Therefore, Indonesia requires a comprehensive and legally binding regulatory framework for AI to safeguard political rights and ensure that technological development remains compatible with the principles of constitutional democracy and the rule of law.
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